In order for a program to be executed, it first has to be turned into byte code. This can be done through

Transpilation

Translating the code from one language to another. The catch is that the languages are of the same level. A notable example of this is TypeScript to JavaScript

Compilation

Translating high level code into lower level code or byte code. The program is translated from start to end, resulting in an executable.

Interpretation

The act of translating high level code into lower level code or byte code. The program is translated and executed line by line.