This is how you tell the computer to make decisions. There's 3 types:

If

The if is literally the human language if. If something happens do something, otherwise do something else. Needless to say, the answer to the question "did something happen?" is yes/no, therefore a boolean. But a static boolean is not very helpful, which is why an if 99% of the time is defined with a condition (the result of which is a boolean). The if statement can have one or more else if and an else that you can add to it, as illustrated below (note that else has to be the last in the chain):

1. Simple if

if(condition)
{
	//do something
}

2. If with else

if(condition)
{
	//do something
}
else
{
	//do something else
}

3. If with else if and else

if(condition)
{
	//do something
}
else if(someOtherCondition)
{
	//do something else
}
else if(yetAnotherCondition)
{
	//do something else
}
//more can be added
else
{
	//do something else
}

Switch

The switch is just another way to write the if. It is supposed to be used with variables and values instead of conditions. Sometimes it's easier to read/write than an if.

Note the usage of the break keyword. This is an example of keyword overloading, where a keyword generally used in one context has a different function in another context. In this case the break keyword is generally used to stop loops, but here it's used to "stop a switch". You can think of the switch as a "one time loop" because of that... but it's kind of wrong so don't.

most basic switch

int x = 5;
switch(x)
{
	case 1:
	//do something when x == 1
	break;
	case 2:
	//do something when x == 2
	break;
	default:
	//do something when none of the above cases have been met
	break;
}

It is equivalent to the following if:

int x = 5;
if(x == 1)
{
	//do something when x == 1
}
else if(x == 2)
{
	//do something when x == 2
}
else
{
	//do something when none of the above cases have been met
}

switch with fall-through

int x = 5;
switch(x)
{
	case 1:
	case 2:
		//do something when x == 1 || x == 2
		break;
	default:
		//do something when none of the above cases have been met
		break;
}

It is equivalent to the following if:

int x = 5;
if(x == 1 || x == 2)
{
	//do something when x == 1 || x == 2
}
else
{
	//do something when none of the above cases have been met
}

switch with tuple

int x = 5;
int y = 25;
switch ((x,y))
{
	case (1, 2):
		//do something when x == 1 && y == 2
		break;
	default:
		//do something when none of the above cases have been met
		break;
}

It is equivalent to the following if:

int x = 5;
int y = 25;
if(x == 1 && y == 2)
{
	//do something when x == 1 && y == 2
}
else
{
	//do something when none of the above cases have been met
}

switch expressions

TODO

The ternary operator

The ternary operator is an if written on one line. As the name suggests, it is an operator, and since operators always return a value, the ternary operator is most used in assignments. It's structure is condition ? value when true : value when false. Example:

int x = 5;
int y = x == 2 ? 10 : 15;

It reads like the following if:

int x = 5;
int y;
if(x == 2)
{
	y = 10;
}
else
{
	y == 15;
}